Sensor Network for Fire Detection

Introduction

Fire is a calamity that every year puts lifes and properties at risk. Better than systems to put out the fires are systems that prevent those fires. One such detection system can be made by using wireless sensor networks.

By deploying a great number of sensors that detect smoke or favorable condition to the apearance of fires and by wireless connecting those sensors to a central place, we can built a fire detection system that can give an immediate warning in case of fire.
     

Objective

Design an embedded system to be easily deployed in a forest and which can monitor temperature, humidity and detect smoke. That embedded system must be part of a large network which communicates data of its sensor readings to a server.
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System specifications

This The sensor network will use MICAz motes running the operating system TinyOS. The motes will be programmed in nesC. There will be two types of nodes: Sensor Nodes and Routing Nodes.
Each node in the sensor network must be designed according to the functional specifications and non-functional specifications.

Functional Specifications

Since nodes will be dispersed on a large field, they must use a Radio Frequency (RF) module to communicate. Thus, both the Sensor Nodes and the Routing Nodes have a RF module.

Each Sensor Node has an humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a smoke detector and a GPS sensor device to detect its position. When the Sensor Node is deployed it must register in the network by getting its Routing Node and sending to the Server its GPS coordinates. This Node will always communicate with the same Routing Node. If there are two or more Routing Nodes in the range of a Sensor Node, which Routing Node a Sensor Node communicates with is automatically defined when the nodes are deployed.

The Server will be a personal computer and will receive the values from the Sensor Nodes and store all those values in a file. Only a few nodes are close enough to the Server to communicate directly with it. Thus, messages sent to the Server, from far away nodes, must be routed through the different nodes until a transmitting node is sufficiently near the Server for it to receive the message.
The communication protocol used by the Routing Nodes is the flooding one where each Routing Node sends all the messages that it receives unless it has already sent that particular message.

Values of humidity and temperature are taken by the Sensor Node every Tmeasure minutes and sent to the Routing Node. The Routing Node will then send the messages to other Routing Nodes until the message reaches the Server. When the Sensor Node detects smoke it immediately sends an alert message to the Routing Node and the message is routed immediately to the Server.

Non-Functional Specifications

Each Routing Node can handle a maximum of 100 Sensor Nodes and there is no limit on the number of Routing Nodes.
Since the nodes will not be connected to the power grid they must be designed taken into account power consumption.

The network must be designed with redundancy in mind. If one or more nodes fail, the network must continue to function. Whenever possible, failing of nodes must be prevented/ warned.

The nodes must be easy to configure and easy to deploy. The size of the ROM and RAM needed for your program should be minimal.
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